Green Fire Pointer Maret 2012

Preposition In, On, At

Senin, 05 Maret 2012
Definition
A preposition is a word or groups of words used before a noun or a pronoun to show place, position, time or method. A preposition can have many usage.

Here are some preposition and some of their usages:
  • Preposition In: use 'in' with periods of times and places

Direct and Indirect Speech

Definition
Direct speech refer to reproducing another person's exact words or saying exactly what someone has said.

Indirect speech refer to reproducing the idea of another person words that doesn't use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn't have to be word for word.

Noun Phrase

Definition
The noun phrase is a group of words that ends with a noun. It can contain determiners (the, a, this, etc.), adjectives, adverbs, and nouns. It cannot begin with a preposition. Remember that both subjects and complements are generally noun phrases.

Finite and non Finite Verbs

Definition



A finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tense according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs. Finite verbs can form independent clauses, which can stand by their own as completesentences.

Modals In The Past Form

Asking For Information

There are a number of formulas used when asking for information in English.
Here are some of the most common:
· Could you tell me…?
· Do you know…?
· Do you happen to know…?
· I’d like to know…
· Could you find out…?
· I’m interested in…
· I’m looking for..

These two forms are used for asking for information on the telephone:
· I’m calling to find out…
· I’m calling about…

Here are some sample phrases and sentences for asking information in English
1. What is this? This is a table This is a table                      
2. What is that? That is a chair.
3. What’s this? It’s a pen.
4. What’s that? It’s an apple.
5. What are these? These are pencils.
6. What are those? Those are books.
7. Where is Mr. King? He is over there.
8. Where is Ms. Knight? She’s (right) here.
9. Where’s Johnny? He’s in the house.
10. When’s the movie? It’s at 9:00.
11. When’s lunch? Lunch is at noon.
12. How is the food? It’s delicious.

Information about company
What does your company do?
What is your specialty?
What do you specialize in?
What is your main line of business?

Information about products
Could you give me some (more) information on this?
What can you tell me about this (product)?
Tell me about this one/model.

Information about Price
What are you asking for this?
What does this sell for?
How much is it?
How much does it run?

Descriptive Text

Descriptive Text is available for a screen reader device to audibly describe a graph or map so a visually impaired user can understand the graphical information . Or to describe the characteristic of particular Person, thing , or place .

* Text structure:
- Identification: Identifies thing, person, place, phenomenon to be described.
- Description: Gives the information of particular thing, person, or
Place being discussed or describes parts, qualities, or
Characteristic.


* Language figures:
a. Topic is usually about the attributes of a think.
b. The use of think person pronoun forms is used.
c. The use of focus specific human and non human participants.
d. The use of reasoning expressed as verbs or noun.
e. The use of material.
f. The use of relation and mental process.

* Characteristic:
a. Use the simple present tense.
b. Using detailed noun phrases to provide information on the subject.
c. Uses relating verbs to provide information on the subject.
d. Use the thinking and feeling verbs to reveal personal views about the subject
author.
e. Use action verbs.
f. Use adverbials to provide additional information.
g. Use figurative language such as simile, metaphor.

* Grammatical features:
- Who? What?
- Using linking verb and simple present tense,
- Epithet: adjective or adjective phrase,
- Attributive (the)
- Use a attributive and identifying process,
- Focus an specific participants,
- Frequent use of epithets and classified in nominal groups


Example of Descriptive text
Bandengan Beach

Bandengan Beach or Tirta Samudra Beach is the famous beach in jepara. the place is very beautiful and romantic. people around Jepara, Kudus, Demak knows this place.
This place is located 7 kilometers north of Jepara city center. The way to get there is very easy. Just follow the traffic sign and you will find it. From the town square, follow the road to Bangsri then turn left when reached kuwasen village. You can take public transportation or by your own vehicle.
The white sandy beach which has pure water is good for swimming. The beach is save enough for swimming because the beach is shallow and the wave is not so big. This place is more beautiful at dusk. We can see the beautiful sunset with our family or friends.
In this location, we can sit and relax on the shelter while enjoy the natural beach breezy wind. It also has large pandan tree field. It is suitable for youngster activities such as camping.
If we want to sail, we can rent the traditional boat owned by local people. We can make voyage around the beach or we can go to pulau panjang (panjang island). Some time we can find banana boat and jet ski for rent.
In this place we can find many traditional footstalls. We can order traditional foods sold by the trader such as roasted fish, crab, boiled shell. Pindang srani is one of the delicious food enjoyed by the visitors.
come to the bandengan beach and you will find a paradise on the tips of Muria peninsula.

Vocabulary Around The House

Vocabulary around the house is an situation when we use english for everday in our hole life and we spelled the grammar well. Begin in our daily life at home e.g. with our parents,friends,bro,sister,grandpa,grandma,or maybe with your teachers? then, your neighboor,your lab partner,etc. I don't know how to explain it well, but i would share to you about something I know or just give you an idea for the bassicly english. make your head stay cool. :) :lol: "
Things you may find around the house
* Light bulb(s)
* Plug(s)
* Socket(s)
* Torch(es)
* Ceiling light(s)
* Lamp(s)
* Curtain(s)
* Shelf (shelves)
* Telephone(s)
* Box(es)
* Plug(s)
* Battery (batteries)
* Photo(graph)(s)

Passive Voice

Passive voice is sentence that used when the focus or not know and however, who or what performing the action.

General Formula :
To be + V3 (Past participle)

- Formula active present tense :
1. Simple : S + V1 + O
Example : Elena writes a letter
2. Continuous : S + is/am/are-ing
Example : Elena is writing a letter
3. Perfect : S + have/has + V3
Example : Elena has written a letter
4. Perfect Continuous : S + have/has + been + V-ing
Example : Ratu has been writing a letter

- Formula passive present tense :
1. Simple : S + is / am / are / + V3
Example : a letter is written by Elena
2. Continuous : S + is/am/are + being + V3
Example : a latter is being written by Elena
3. Perfect : S + have/has + been + V3
Example : a letter has been written by Elena
4. Perfect Continuous : S + have/has + been + V3
Example : a letter has been being written by Elena

- Formula active past tense :
1. Simple : S + V2 + O
Example : Elena wrote a letter
2. Continuous : S + was/were + V-ing
Example : Elena was writing a letter
3. Perfect : S + have/has + V3
Example : Elena has written a latter
4. Perfect Continuous : S + had+ been + V-ing
Example : Elena had been writing a letter

- Formula passive past tense :
1. Simple : S + was/were + V3
2. Continuous : S + was/were + being + V3
3. Perfect : S + has + been + V3
4. Perfect Continuous : S + had + been + being + V3

Sentence that used modals :
1) Active : We can solve the problem
Passive : The problem can solve
2) Active : They may open the hotel next year
Passive : The hotel may be opened next year

Kalimat dengan Complement atau Sub-Clause
1) Active : It is said that he is 108 year old
Passive : He is said to be old years old
2) Active : It is reported that two people were killed in the explosion
Passive : Two people are reported to have been killed in the explosion.

Invitations

Inviting Someone:
  • I'd like to invite youto have dinner this saturday.
  • I'd like to invite you to a party next friday
  • I was wondering if you'd like to......
  • Would you like to....?
  • Will you come to....?
Accepting an Invitation:
  • I'd love to
  • That would be wonderful
  • Yes, thank you. What time?
  • Thanks. I'd love to
  • That would be great, thanks
Declining an Invitation:
  • I'm awfully sorry, I have other plans
  • I wish I could, but....
  • I'd really to, but.....
  • Sorry. I've already made plans for saturday
  • I would love to, but I .....
Example:
Roni: Hi, Vito. Tomorrow Dani and I are going to Depok Beach. Do you want to join?
Vito: Oh, sorry, but I'm not really interested in beaches. Er....by the way I'll be at my grandmother's house in Yogya. Please drop by.
Roni: Um...I'd love to. Thanks.

Surprises and Disbelief

Definition

Surprises and disbelief is an expression that we show/say when know/hear/see something that rather difficult to believe.

Expressing Surprise:

  • Wow! What a surprise!
  • That's a surprise!
  • That's very surprising!
  • Really?
  • What?
  • Are you serious? You must be joking!
  • You're kidding!
  • Fancy that!
  • I must say it surprise me
  • I find it hard to believe
Responding:
  • Yeah!
  • It is
  • Yup!
  • Sure
  • It's true
  • I'm serious
  • No, I'm not
  • Does it?
  • It is, isn't it?
When you got surprising fact, you can say:
  • Do you know what?
  • Believe it or not?
  • You may not believe it, but.....
  • Can you believe this?
Example of Surprise:
Rensi: Whose car is that?
Yeyen: It's Tami
Rensi: Are you kidding me?
Yeyen: No, I'm not. I saw her riding that car this morning
Rensi: What's surprise!

Expressing Disbelief:

  • I don't believe it
  • It can't be true
  • I can't think of it
  • I don't trust you
Example of Disbelief:
Tetty: I heard the news about tiren. What is tiren, Diana?
Diana: "Tiren" stand for "mati kemarin". It is chicken meat taken from a dead chicken. In other word, it is a corpse.
Tetty: I can't believe this! How can people sell such chicken meat?
Diana: Some say, they want to get more bucks of money.
Tetty: I don't think they should do it. They cheat the buyers.
Diana: More than that. They harm the buyers.
Tetty: That's right!

Expression of Congratulation, Compliment and Gratitude

Gratitude is also called thanking.
We say "thank you" when people give us something, give a compliment, wish us something, etc. 

Expressing Gratitude:

  • I should like to express my gratitude
  • Thank you very much
  • Thank for your help
  • How can I thank you?
  • I'm very grateful to you
  • I can't thank you enough
  • I'm very much obliged to you
Responding:
  • It was the least I could do
  • You're welcome
  • No big deal
  • Don't metion it
  • It's a pleasure
  • That's all right
  • Any time

  • Compliment is expression that used to give praising to other people.
  • Some people use compliment to better up some dayor to flatter in order to increasegood will.

Expression Compliment:
  • Good grades!
  • Excellent!
  • Nice work!
  • Good job!
  • What a nice dress!
  • You look great!
  • You look very nice!
  • You look beautiful!
  • You look handsome!
  • I really must expressmy admiiration for your dance

  • Congratulation is expression that used to said congratulate to someone when get a success.

Expression Congratulation:
  • Conratulation on your success
  • I must congratulate you
  • Congrats! Finally, your dream comes true!
  • Please accept mywarmest congratulations
  • I'd like to be first to congratulate you

Introductory "It"

Structure: It + verb + subject complement + infinitive phrase (real subject)


A : To get the best score is hard.
B : It is hard to get the best score. 

In this pattern, it has no meaning. It is used only to fill the subject position in the sentence. Thus, it is called introductory “it”. 
A and B mean the same thing, but sentence B is more common and useful than A. A was introduced mainly to make the meaning of B easier to understand. Introductory “it” can fill the position both of the subject and object.

When the subject is a clause :
It does not matter whether he comes or not. (Whether he comes or not does not matter.)

Introductory it as an object :
Do you think it dangerous to drive when the way is slippery?

Introductory it in question
Who was it that broke the window?

Asking if Someone Remember or Not

These are some expressions of:


Formal Expression:
-I wonder if you remember..... 
-You remember...., don’t you?
-You haven’t forgotten...., have you?
-Don’t you remember.....?
-You happen to remember it now?

Ways to respond:-
-Let me think, yes, I remember.
-I remember especially the scenery.
-I’ll never forget that-
-I’ll always remember.
-I can remember it clearly.

Informal expressions:-
Remember the old house we used to live in? 
Remember that?
I’m sorry I don’t remember
 
Ways to respond: 
-Hold on. Yes, got it! 
-I know.....
It’s coming back to me now.
 
Respond if you forget:-
-Sorry, I’ve completely forgotten.
-I’m afraid I forget.
-I really can’t remember.
-I’m afraid I have no memory of him.
-Errr, let me think. No, it’s gone.Sorry, it slipped off my mind.

Simple Future Tense

Definition
Simple Future tense is used to describing job or action that will to do (happened) at future.


Formation of sentences
1. Positive
( + ) S + shall/ will + V1
Example :
- I shall clean my bedroom
- We will go to camping
Or
( + ) S + be + going to + V1
Example :
- I am going to play badminton
- He is going to write a news

Notes : "shall" just can use for subject "I and we"

2. Negative
( - ) S + shall/ will + not+ V1
Example :
- I shan't buy a shoes
- she won't clean the class
Or
( - ) S + be + not +going to + V1
Ex : she is not going to give a present

Notes : shall not = shan't, will not = won't

3. Interrogative
( ? ) Shall/ will + S + V ?
Ex : Will we playing tennis?
Or
( ? ) Be + S + going to + V ?
Ex : are we going to camping ?
Example: 

-Hold on. I'll get a pen. 
-We will [Image]see what we can do to help you. 
-Maybe we'll stay in and watch television tonight I think I'll go to the gym tomorrow.
-I think I will have a holiday next year. I don't think I'll buy that car. 

Example:
-It will rain tomorrow. 
-People won't go to Jupiter before the 22nd century. 
-Who do you think will get the job?
Note:
That when we have a plan or intention to do something in the future, we usually use other tenses or expressions, such as the present continuous tense or going to.

Time signal:
1. Tomorrow…  
-Morning  
-Afternoon  
-Evening  
-Night  
2. Next…  
-Time  
-Week  
-Month  
-Year  
-January
3. Tonight
4. The day after tomorrow
5. Soon
6. Later
7. Two, three more days
8. Two, three days later
9. By and by

Offering

Definition
The expression of “ Would you like….”is normally used for offering something to someone.

Nina   : Would you like a fried rice Di?
  Aldi: Yes, please. Thank you. Hmmm…that is my favorite food.
Nina   : Thank you. I’m glad you like it.


Ways to say it 
* Would you like a cup of tea, Fivi?
* Should I get you a bottle of water?
* Could I offer you a glass of milk, Mr. john?
* Would you care some salad?
 


Offering to friends:
* Want some?
* Have some?
* Chocolate?
* Grab some for yourself


Less formal expressions:
* Would you like to have a pancake?
* Why don’t you have some lemonade?
* What can I get for you?
* What will you have?Declining an offering
* No, thanks
.* No, really won’t, thanks
* Not for me, thanks.

Accepting an offering:
* Thank you.
* Yes, please
* I’d like it very much
* That would be very nice

Narrative text

Narrative text is a kind of text to retell the story that past tense. The purpose of the text is to entertain or to amuse the readers or listeners about the story.
The generic structure of Narrative text :
  1. Orientation :It set the scene and introduce the participants (it answers the question : who, when, what, and where).
  2. Complication :Tells the problems of the story and how the main characters solve them.
  3. Resolution :The crisis is revolved, for better or worse.
  4. Re-orientation :The ending of the story.
  5. Evaluation :The stepping back to evaluate the story or the moral message of the story
 Linguistic features : 
1. Use active verbs.
2. Use past tense.
3. Use conjunction.
4. The first person (I or We) or the third person (He, She, or They).
5. Use specific nouns.
6. Use adjective and adverbs

Kind of Narrative text :
1. Legend : Sangkuriang, Malin Kundang, etc.
2. Fable : Mousedeer and crocodile.
3. Fairy tale : Cinderella, Snow white, Pinocchio, etc.
4. Science
5. myth 

News Item

And this is one of the interesting topic! What is the topic about? The topic is about News Item.
And the function is to let you know how to present news perfectly with some rules.
So, let's we learn this! :) check it out :D



Definition

News item is to inform the readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important. Is structure is:
• Newsworthy Event(s): recounts the events in summary form
• Background Event(s): elaborate what happened, to WHOM, in WHAT circumstances.
• Sources: comments by participants in, witnesses to and authorities’ expert on the event.

Significant Grammar Features:
  • Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline
  • Generally using Simple Past Tense
  • Use of Material Processes to retell the event
  • Using Action Verbs, e.g.: were, run, go, kill, etc.
  • Using Saying Verbs, e.g.: say, tell
  • Focus on Circumstances
  • Use of projecting Verbal Processes in Sources stages
There are some rules that can help to make newspaper headlines more comprehensible.
  1. The passive voice is used without the appropriate form of “be”.
  2. It is unusual to find complex forms, generally the simple present form is used
  3. The present progressive tense is used, usually to describe something that is changing or developing, but the auxiliary verb is usually left out.
  4. To refer to the future, headlines often use the infinitive.
  5. Headlines are not always complete sentences.